Public Speaking Topics

How to Prepare for Executive Presentations
The following are tips to help you master preparation for executive presentations. "Executive Presentations" are those presentations intended for introducing new ideas or reviewing performance for management within an organization. These suggestions are intended for optimizing powerful and focused communications. Be Brief, the Ten Minute Rule Regardless of the amount of time that you may have scheduled for your meeting, make sure that you can convey your complete message in ten minutes or less. Strip away conjecture, comments or perceptions to convey the core message as quickly, accurately and concisely as possible. If you have additional interesting materials, place it in an appendix for leisure reading. (Do you know many executives who have time for leisure reading? If your audience is not going to read the material on their own spare time, then don't put it in the heart of your presentation.) Would you rather present to a Board of Directors, or board directors? Bullet Points, Numbers, Dollars, Graphs, Charts and Pictures Can you convey your message in five bullet points or less? Can you substantiate your message with numbers, dollars or a graphical representation? Then do it. A picture is worth a thousand words, but dollars can common sense will get the most attention. Graphical and financial representation of data and trends changes what you "think" into what you "know". Do not waste time discussing opinion, but rather provide substance to generate meaningful conversation about interpretation of the facts. Who Be prepared to name the resources required and the individuals, organizations, departments or customers who will contribute or be impacted. Be prepared to respond to the worst case scenario impact by person or area, and the countermeasures. What Try to state what you are presenting in seven words or less When Be prepared with a timeline, plan, milestones and metrics of measurement. If you are proposing an idea that has fiscal impact, demonstrate the key milestones as points in the process that can be measured and compared for progress. Don't wait to measure at the end of the project, know how you will measure from the beginning and through the entire process. Identify the critical path elements that could delay a project or strategic direction, as well as points in the process at which a project could be completely stopped, if necessary. Where Is your presentation related to specific geographical or demographical area? If so, it may be appropriate to indicate the limit or scope of the topic. It may not be necessary to include this in the presentation, but you should be aware. It is equally important to recognize if your presentation or proposal specifically excludes a particular geography or demographic. For example, does your idea benefit end-user customers at the expense of corporate customers? Is your global strategy equally relevant in Latin America as it is in Europe? How This can be included with the 'When" of your planning process. If you are presenting a plan, proposal or change in strategic direction, then show your plan. How you plan to implement or improve should be integrated with timelines, milestones and measurements. It is much easier to review a plan than to discuss a concept. Why Unfortunately, far too many presentations are completely focused on the intent of the message. It is reasonable to assume that the purpose of a presentation is some benefit. The benefit may be associated with reduced cost, risk avoidance, strategic initiatives, revenue generation, compliance or planning. Whatever the benefit may be, it is important to balance the benefit message with substantive facts and responses to the above mentioned details as applicable. The benefit statement in your presentation should also be concise, easy to understand and very focused. State the purpose of your message in one sentence. Alternatives Every presentation or ideas has alternatives. The alternative to change is to remain status quo. Although remaining status quo could be a substantial competitive disadvantage for most organizations, sometimes it is better than the risk associated with proposed changes. Enhance the power of your presentation by offering a few bullet points that demonstrate investigation of the alternatives and the potential comparative impact. Method Use an appropriate manner of communication to accommodate your audience. This may be a Power Point presentation, a single sheet of paper with bullet points and graphs, or a documented study with an executive summary at the beginning. The most important element of your presentation is the content. Convey your message quickly. Be prepared to substantiate your message with facts, a plan, impact and alternatives. If a conversation erupts about your message, embrace it and use the communication as an opportunity to engage the audience. A conversation is infinitely more interesting than a presentation. Deliver your material in a manner that fosters thoughtful interactive dialogue with active participation for best results. ______________________________________________________ Words of Wisdom "And, of course, you have the commercials where savvy businesspeople Get Ahead by using their MacIntosh computers to create the ultimate American business product: a really sharp-looking report." - Dave Barry "I get up every morning determined to both change the world and have one hell of a good time. Sometimes this makes planning my day difficult." - E. B. White "I have always found that in preparing for any presentation that the plan never applies, but the preparation does." - John Mehrmann, Executive Blueprints Inc ______________________________________________________ John Mehrmann

John Mehrmann is a freelance author, industry expert and President of Executive Blueprints Inc, an organization dedicated to developing human capital and personal growth.

Using Quotations: When You Need Permission
First of all, here's my disclaimer. I'm not a lawyer. The following is based on my own research and, as you'll see, every situation is different. That's why the use of quotes can be confusing. I do hope, however, that this can help you to make better decisions when preparing your own manuscripts or other creative projects.

Quotes are wonderful little things. They can convey a world of meaning in just a few words. And they're everywhere: books, greeting cards, on the home pages of websites, in daily emails. But just because they're everywhere doesn't mean you can plop a few into your text without asking anyone's permission. Sometimes you have to, sometimes you don't. Here are a few guidelines to keep in mind when you're trying to figure out which side you're on.

1. Has the quote been set down in writing?

If the quote you're using only exists as the words someone has said, then it's okay to use it. For instance, if you hear Paris Hilton say something on television such as "That's hot!", you can use the quote. You should, of course, credit her for saying it. But if Paris were to write the words down in a book, then those words are covered by copyright. You would need permission from her or her publisher to put the quote in your book or on a card.

2. Is it under copyright or in the public domain?

Copyright isn't always an issue. If the quote is from a work that is older than seventy-five years old, most likely it is in the public domain and you won't need permission for it. Copyright lasts throughout the author's lifetime, plus seventy years after the author's death.

3. Getting permission.

If you do have to get permission for a quote, start working on this right away, even if the book isn't done and you're not sure you're going to use the quote. It can take months to find out who to ask for permission, and even longer to hear back once you've sent the request. So give yourself plenty of time. You'll want to send a letter describing your project and requesting the right to use the quote. Note: this will only be a one time right. Getting permission for one project doesn't mean you have permission to put the quote in other books or other projects.

Unfortunately, there is no one place where you can check to see who owns the copyright on a work. Not everyone registers their copyright since copyright is an automatic right, so the Copyright Office won't always be able to provide the information. You can start with the obvious: the author's publisher or literary agent. If you can't find the author that way, then using search engines on the internet would be your next resource. Remember to look for possible family members of the author as well. It's important to find a family member since the copyright may have passed on to heirs after an author's death.

Remember to keep good records of everything you do in your search: sending letters, making phone calls, placing ads. If you can't contact anyone and you decide to use the quote anyway, you'll want to be able to show that you made a reasonable effort to find the owner of the copyright.

4. Exceptions, of course.

Here's where things get murky. Because a quote is so short, it can also be seen as not being a substantial part of a work and therefore available for "fair use". However, the term is vague and there's no clear guideline on what it really covers. So when in doubt, get permission. The rules seem to be a little different if the quote you want to use is from a poem or a song. In those cases I've found that it's recommended you always seek permission for those works. I'm guessing it's because poems and songs are much shorter than books, so any quote from them is using a significant portion of the work.

One last note: don't let seeking permissions distract you from your writing. Do your research, send out letters if you have to, and move on. If you don't it's highly likely that the quotes will only delay your work instead of enhancing it.


? 2006 Sophfronia Scott

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS ONE? See Sophfronia's The Book Sistah Blog, category "Articles". Author and Writing Coach Sophfronia Scott is "The Book Sistah" TM. Get her FREE REPORT, "The 5 Big Mistakes Most Writers Make When Trying to Get Published" and her FREE online writing and publishing tips at <a href="http://www.TheBookSistah.com">http://www.TheBookSistah.com</a>

What's the Buzzword? Tell Me What's Happening!
In my younger days, the word "buzz" referred either to that irritating sound that winged insects used to make in your ears or, in ordinary conversation, to the latest gossip or scoop pertaining to a particular subject, most often, show business. In more recent times, however, the word "buzz", while retaining a lot of its old meanings, has evolved into a more hip term among the younger generation the meaning of which is not really so clear but is so widely used that it can actually bombard your olfactory senses and drive you to tears if not totally up the wall. The modern and evolved term is "buzzword". What then is a buzzword? Dictionary.com defines buzzword as "a word or phrase, often sounding authoritative or technical, which is a vogue term in a particular profession, field of study, popular culture and so on." In other words, a buzzword is a fashion term that is commonly used to impress an audience and create the sense that the speaker using the buzzword is intelligent and an expert in the particular field that he or she is discussing. It is often a "neologism" which Wikipedia defines as "a word, term or phrase recently created or coined to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary." An example of a neologism would be the term "e-mail". Buzzwords are different from jargon in that the latter has a more definite, sometimes even technical. In the case of buzzwords, these are simply vogue words created to impress a lay audience and create a sense of knowledge and intelligence for the speaker. The corporate setting is the most common venue for the abusive use of buzzwords. In fact, a negative reaction to the excessive use by senior personnel of these terms has given rise to "buzzword bingo" â€" a game invented in 1993 by bored staff members who distribute bingo-like cards among players during a corporate meeting. These bingo-like cards list a number of buzzwords like "paradigm" and "proactive" which players check off as their bosses begin to spout them. The first one to fill in a line of words is the winner. Played mostly underground by staff members until 1994, this game turned into an overnight hit after Dilbert did a comic strip on it and the Wall Street Journal ran a front-page article about the game. When you think about it, there is nothing intrinsically wrong with coining a few new words every now and then. In fact, it is a sign that the English language has remained healthy and continues to grow. The problem with buzzwords is that they are created mainly to impress and give a false-sense of importance and knowledge. In this regard, it makes the very act of spouting these words the height of pretentiousness and hypocrisy, not exactly a very positive thing.

This site is owned by Tom Takihi. For more information please visit http://www. BuzzWordHell.com.

How To Become An Effective Conversationalist
A person may be very knowledgeable about a wide variety of subjects and updated with the latest happenings here and around the world, and yet not be very good at holding his or her end of the conversation. He or she may have a host of good tales to tell and yet provoke grunts of boredom and annoyance, instead of encouraging laughter. What makes a good conversation? A conversation involves more than one person and demands the recognition and acceptance of the other people in the group. To be a good conversationalist, you must discuss topics that are of interest to the group, and not just to yourself. The topics you bring up should also be slanted toward your target audience. They should not be one-sided. If you are the primary speaker, the opinions and suggestions of the other people in the group should be recognized and listened to. Just because you have the floor doesn't mean you own it 100%. Conversation requires participation and interaction. Below are five tips on how you can be a good conversationalist. 1. Be nice. Don't engage in useless banter. The quality of the conversation is reduced if you start criticizing the people around you or do not welcome their input. Neither should you show the other persons that you think badly of them. Maintain a professional and congenial attitude. 2. Be tactful. Think before you speak. We often hurt other people's feelings by not being sensitive to their circumstances. This is plain thoughtlessness. 3. Keep a positive attitude. Show the group that you are enjoying the company. Smile. Let people gather around because you have something substantial and entertaining to say, not because they are curious about what you are complaining about with your life. 4. Be open to topic changes. People have different interests and are exposed to various stimuli. Acknowledge this fact by allowing others to shift the conversation to another subject. A good conversationalist is one that knows how to adjust nicely to these changes. 5. Show interest in what is being discussed. Do not show impatience if somebody else is in charge of the discussion. Being a good conversationalist does not mean you should dominate every discussion that you enter. It means knowing what to say, how to say it, and when. Put your ego aside and enjoy the exchange of words and information. You can learn a lot from people, as much as you believe they can learn from you. Effective conversation follows the realization and acknowledgement that humans are social beings. Thus, we must always be open to others' ideas and be patient enough to wait for our turn to impart knowledge to others. You never know what wisdom you will be able to obtain by learning to listen. Do not pick arguments with others. Instead, compromise. You are not the only person in the world. Make room.

Michael Lee is the author of <a href="http://www.20daypersuasion.com">How to be a Red Hot Persuasion Wizard... in 20 days or less</a>, an ebook that reveals mind-altering persuasion techniques on how to tremendously enhance your relationships, create unlimited wealth, and get anything you want...just like magic. Get a sample chapter and highly-stimulating "Get What You Want" advice at: <a href="http://www.20daypersuasion.com">http://www.20daypersuasion.com</a>. He is the Co-Founder of <a href="http://www.self-improvement-millionaires.com">http://www.self-improvement-millionaires.com</a> and is licensed as a Certified Public Accountant.

How to Use Body Language to Drive Home a Point
Many people know how important body language is in effective persuasion and communications. Thus, when you're trying to emphasize a certain point or idea, simply saying how enthused you are with an event is not enough. For instance, if a friend came to you and told you news about his promotion, saying something like "That's wonderful news!" with a rather blank expression runs the risk of the other person getting the impression that you're just pulling his leg and talking through your teeth. In order to express your statements fully, you need to accompany your expressions and comments with the right kind of body language. According to experts on the art of body language interpretation, there are two things you should keep in mind. First, to emphasize a point, you need to apply body language that is concurrent with the statement. Second, you need to hyperbolize a bit. For example, if you want to stress how large the lot you're selling is, you can further drive the point home by stretching your arms out really wide while saying something like, "The property is so vast (stretch arms out wide) that you can practically build a house with a basketball court and pool there." Using metaphors with body language works better. You can shake or nod your head to react to an idea or event, take huge steps to show excitement, pound your fist on the desk and stomp your foot if you need to show a little aggression, and change your facial expressions according to the need. Of course, not all body language have to be blatant to be effective. Sometimes, subtlety works a lot better, especially if you're trying to convince someone to buy what you're selling. Subtle body movements include cupping your palms and leaning forward to show you are serious, crossing your arms over your chest to signify that you're not understanding the other party's claims, and inclining your head to one side to reflect wonder. To illustrate, you will know if the person you are talking to is losing interest in what you're saying if he starts looking at his watch, shaking his leg, or tapping his foot. Shifty eyes are also an indicator of boredom, though it can also mean that the person is lying in another situation. Indeed, communication is not just characterized by words. Body movements say a lot about what you are thinking at that particular moment; so if you're a very transparent person, it's not likely that you'll be able to hide anything. It’s a different situation when you're playing poker though.

Michael Lee is the author of <a href="http://www.20daypersuasion.com">How to be a Red Hot Persuasion Wizard... in 20 days or less</a>, an ebook that reveals mind-altering persuasion techniques on how to tremendously enhance your relationships, create unlimited wealth, and get anything you want...just like magic. Get a sample chapter and highly-stimulating "Get What You Want" advice at: <a href="http://www.20daypersuasion.com">http://www.20daypersuasion.com</a>. He is the Co-Founder of <a href="http://www.self-improvement-millionaires.com">http://www.self-improvement-millionaires.com</a> and is licensed as a Certified Public Accountant.

Getting Help With Stammering
Stammering (clinically referred to as dysphemia) is a form of speech defect concerned with an involuntary action of repeating or prolonging of syllables or words. For example, when a person pronounces the word ?stop? but instead says it like, ?sssssstop? or ?ssstt-sstt-sttop,? that is stammering.

Naturally, the condition is frustrating for the patient as it not only hampers his/her ability to communicate well, it also opens him/her to perceptions that he or she is slow and stupid. There is no direct link between stammering and mental capacity. Studies show that speech defects like stammering are usually brought on by bad speech habits developed in childhood.

Can stammering be cured?

The answer is an overwhelming yes. Since the condition is primarily caused by habit, given enough time bad habits can be unlearned and replaced with the proper ones leading to correct speech.

How can you get help?
- If you (or someone you know) stammer, consult with a speech pathologist.
This is so that proper assessment of the condition can be made and verified whether stammering is the problem. The speech pathologist will have you read aloud a series of sample sentences or paragraphs, which is usually recorded for further analysis.

- Next a speech therapist will prescribe a series of exercises to correct the defect.
It?s been discovered that stammering is not merely a speaking defect but one that involves listening as well. So listening exercises may very likely be prescribed alongside breathing and relaxation exercises in addition to the ones for speech called oral motor exercises.

How can you help yourself?
- When working with a speech therapist, you may need to make several and frequent visits at the beginning of the treatment, which tapers off towards the later part as improvements set in. But the exercises should continue and be done diligently even outside these visits.

- Experts recommend that the minimum duration in treating stammering is 3 months of consistent therapy. To ensure permanency of results, six months to a year is prescribed.

- The optimum age in carrying out speech therapy is around the ages of 15 and 25. This is because young children may forget what has been learned and revert while older adults may have difficulty unlearning established habits.

Finally, there is nothing wrong with asking for positive reinforcement from friends, family and co-workers when you undergo the measures to cure stammering. It?s only right to do so and those who respect you will only be too willing to help you.

With patience, diligence and some time, the problem of stammering can be solved leading to a fuller and more productive life for you and everyone around you.

James Masterson is Stand out, Be Recognized and Be Remembered keynote speaker. Click Here To read his latest advice <a href="http://free-online-course.com/masterson" title="http://free-online-course.com/masterson" target="_blank">http://free-online-course.com/masterson</a>

Motivational Speaking Tips - Taking Cues
Public speakers are always regarded as experts who are here to save us from our troubles and actually motivate us to become productive and positive thinking. There are actually all sorts of public speakers who try their hand (and luck) at becoming the next Dr. Phil. Of course, not all motivational and keynote speakers have Oprah to launch them to celebrity status. One must really work hard in order to achieve not only the popularity that public speakers like Dr. Phil are now enjoying but the authoritative claim on the topic that he or she wants to specialize in.

1. Being A Motivational Speaker

This means that you really have to take your job seriously as a lot of people are paying you to teach them a thing or two about the issues that concerns them. This is why aspiring keynote speakers should keep track of these helpful points to consider whenever delivering a public speech to be able to catch the attention of possible clients as well that may book them for seminars or get their professional help for their personal problems.

2. Duties And Responsibilities

- Supply your audience with the correct information
- Take reference of whenever employees need
- Make use of your gift with words
- Have a quality, canned presentation

3. Skip The Basics

Nobody wants to listen to a speaker who gives a blow-by-blow account of the stuff that he just read from a book. You will actually lose your audience?s interest if you commit this error and you?ll forever be stuck with being labeled by people as boring. Surely, this is the worst thing that could ever happen to a speaker because they are actually there as an authority figure, someone that the audience will likely listen to and not just be reminded of their old college professors whose fly is always open.

When it comes to your marketing strategies, however, you should always make sure that they send the right message. Don?t put too much focus on the packaging because whether this may refer to you or to the promotional material that you are actually going to hand out, it is best that you keep your focus on what?s inside, what the people would actually want to read or hear about. Appearance is nothing when you have nothing but fluff to back-up those glitter laced packages.

4. Accompany Your Presentation With Useful Resources

When making a promotional material for your keynote speaker appearances always make sure that your promotional material absolutely screams of your would be topic and make sure that it is a highly interesting one at that! Your audience will also appreciate viewing various testimonials from fellow believers, lacing your promotional materials with legitimate and accurate testimonials from actual persons who been to your talks affirms your claims as being an incredibly good keynote speaker who?s really able to reach out to people and who?s ideas and advices are really worth following.

Also, don?t ever forget to list down you credentials, that is, if you have any but try to stick to the ones that are relevant to your career as a keynote speaker and also leave some space wherein you will be able to talk about your field of expertise. But you also keep in mind to keep all these facts concise and novel like as people?s attention may tend to drift from one thing to another and you wouldn?t want to saturate their minds and their interest in you with a novel long promotional material.

5. Appearance and Presentation

Before going to your speaking engagement, pick the clothes you are going to wear. Choose something that will help you to feel confidence and will make you look credible. A neatly and well dressed speaker is more believable than a speaker who is poorly dressed and looks like something the cat dragged in.

For more great public speaking related articles and resources check out <a href="http://www.1st-class-speakers.com">http://www.1st-class-speakers.com</a>

Kerala and "Cola-ban"
It all started when the government received a letter from the Centre for science and environmentâ€� stating that cola samples tested by it contained traces of pesticides. The communist-led Kerala government sprung in to action. They immediately banned production and sales of pepsi and coke in the entire state. There is a saying in Malayalam which meansâ€� The patient desired for milk and the doctor prescribed just thatâ€�. Medias really celebrated the ban as a very progressive action and actually wanted more claiming that the cola companies should not go scot free, having committed the great crime of making people drink poisonous drinks for years. They vociferously demanded for the punishment of the owners of these two companies! Cola-drinks were originally made from cola fruits and at present their ingredients are purely synthetic â€"The formula of the ingredients being kept as their trade secret, general public has no access to it. The companies claim that they make their products as per stringent international standards. When their access to technology and financial resources is considered the claim can be admitted. The condition of the government laboratories to test the same is rather well known, deplorable-to be precise- and its chieftains abstained from a free meeting with technocrats of the cola companies. It seemed they were not confident enough to prove their claim. Drinking of cola was a fashion statement among youths and with enough pocket-money they did it in style! What are the after effect of consuming colas? No one knows. One thing is sure excess consumption of any thing is bad and cola is no exception! And our youth were drinking colas in excess quantity. This controversy really removed cola from their list of fashion statements! There is one pepsi factory at Kanjikode at Palakkad district in Kerala, which is blamed for drawing excess ground water from that area and too many activists are finding mileage out of that issue. On September 22nd the Hon. High court of Kerala put the controversy to rest by overturning the cola ban stating that the Government order was “harsh, unreasonable and arbitrary and banning or allowing does not come under the state’s purview. Both pepsi and the coke being American companies any one who talks sane may be described as a stooge of the imperialism! The court has shown tremendous amount of courage to say the least. The cola companies who have invested more than a billion dollars in this country were unfortunately seen as symbols of imperialism. When Xenophobia and anti- Americanism takes the center-stage, and crowds take decisions only court can be brave enough to be sane.

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Public Speaking: The Power Of Words
Words hurt, heal, motivate, and aggravate. They are powerful. They control emotions and can even control a person physically.

A word is worth a thousand pictures.

?Come here.? Two words that move a person from there to here.

?Write this down.? Three words that cause people to put words on a page.

?Remember a time when you felt angry.? Seven words that can create an overload of emotions.

Your words are power. Think of the number of people you have made smile by saying, ?I really appreciate you.? Or the number of people you have hurt by saying, ?What?s wrong with you? Can?t you do anything right??

Words possess just as much power when spoken to a crowd of a thousand as in a one on one conversation. It?s one thing to get one person excited, but impassion an entire group, and you have irresistible intensity on your side.

Use your words more effectively?

1. Understand their influence. Do not use or choose your terms lightly. A wrong word can turn an audience from friends to fiends. The better you know your group the better you can tailor your terms for their benefit.

You get to choose the outcome. Want the group to be charged, mad, excited, encouraged, content, or happy? You can produce any of those by using the right words in the right way.

2. Don?t be afraid to be edgy. Too many speakers are soft. You can be tough without being obnoxious, or insulting a group?s intelligence. You can humorous and still make a hard-hitting point.

I got in at 1 a.m. last night after spending two days speaking to 1,500 people. Get this ? all the reviews came back at the top level, and I was tough on the folks. Several came up and said, ?You?re not afraid to tell it like it is!? The words I chose challenged the group without breaking them.

What about your words? Do you toss them out lightly, or with precision power? Your words can change lives and influence millions. Choose and use them well.

Paul Evans is the creator of the <a href="http://instantspeakingsuccess.com/spk.htm">public speaking</a> system Instant Speaking Success. Read more of his <a href="http://www.free-knowledge.com">articles</a> at <a href="http://www.free-knowledge.com">http://www.free-knowledge.com</a>

What is Rhetoric?
According to most dictionaries Rhetoric is the art of using the language and directing language skills in oral or written communication. To be well understood a person has to effectively communicate taking into account the listener’s background and abilities to perceive. Study of rhetoric is goaled to develop communication abilities as language has become one of the most important inventions of mankind. Through communication abilities people pass knowledge to each other. However, the audience decides to keep or refuse the knowledge that a rhetorician is trying to pass. The term “rhetoric� was first introduced by Greeks who used it to explain a crucial political talent to use the language persuasively. Rhetoric theories have been developed for more than 2,000 years and people still have a lot of doubts of what is rhetoric and how it works. Nowadays, rhetoric is based on a conception of reality, of human nature, and of language .To make it more comprehendible rhetoric is a closed system of defining what can, and cannot, be known; the nature of the knower; the nature of the relationship between the knower, the known, and the audience; and the nature of language. Rhetoric is thus ultimately implicated in all a society attempts. It is at the center of a culture's activities. Now, looking at rhetorics of a particular society we can understand whom are we talking to and how should we talk to make it easy to understand us. As I have mentioned before rhetoric has many theories to it, however, the most significant ones are transactional theories. What they basically say is that knowledge and understanding come from interaction between rhethor and the audience. It does not necessarily have to be an oral speech. The written sources are also developed using rhetoric. Thus, rhetoric is in the base of knowledge and acquiring this knowledge. Traditionally rhetoric was viewed as the art of persuasion. However, some add an idea of rhetoric as epistemic. The assumption that rhetoric as the persuasion to truth is faulty. Plato said that if there is truth and it can be understood by some, what is the purpose of rhetoric? The idea was proposed as "the dynamic of elite." This elite would know the truth and explain it to the masses. Idea of rhetoric-as-epistemic requires individual participation in knowing. Knowledge is dependent on the experiences of the community. The very part of knowing is being committed to what one knows. The commitment is created as knowledge. Truth is the knowledge in a temporal sense. This argument is used to bring the audience and speaker to an even level. The speaker and the audience unlock themselves to each other and using a trade of opinions along with the understanding that is dissimilar from their starting point. Rhetoric is viewed as a power that creates the truth and at the same time reliant on the truths that come with the sense of beginning. There is not the slightest possibility that people can communicate without sharing knowledge and other way around, share knowledge without communication. When we talk, write, wave to somebody we pass some information to responders without even thinking about it. However, the knowledge is not quite identical for everyone. That is where the major complexity in observing rhetoric as epistemic comes from. Different groups of people use different symbols that mean different things. It is when the second part of episteme (the first is knowledge) understanding is mandatory. When two groups of people have understood each other only then they can share knowledge. The purpose of rhetoric will be epistemic will live as long as the communication itself. Although, there is still a great number of discussions that are going on about rhetoric as epistemic; and it will be that way as long as people would be able to use their communicative and analytical skills.

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